간단 답변
Japan's immigration system requires most foreign workers to obtain a Certificate of Eligibility (COE) from the Immigration Services Agency before applying for a visa at a Japanese embassy. Upon arrival, you receive a Residence Card — your primary ID in Japan.
How the Japanese Immigration System Works
Japan does not use a single "visa" system like many Western countries. Instead, it distinguishes between a visa (issued by embassies for entry) and a residence status (granted by the Immigration Services Agency for staying). Understanding this distinction is key to navigating the system successfully.
The Application Flow: From Employer to Residence Card
Visa vs Residence Status: What's the Difference?
| Aspect | Visa (査証) | Residence Status (在留資格) |
|---|---|---|
| Issued by | Japanese Embassy/Consulate | Immigration Services Agency (ISA) |
| Purpose | Permission to enter Japan | Permission to stay and engage in activities |
| Validity | Single or multiple entry; 3 months to use | 1 year, 3 years, or 5 years (renewable) |
| Physical form | Sticker in passport | Residence Card (在留カード) |
Visa Categories Overview
| Category | Examples | Work Allowed? |
|---|---|---|
| Work Visas | Engineer/Specialist, Skilled Labor, Business Manager, Highly Skilled Professional | Yes (within scope) |
| Family/Status | Spouse of Japanese National, Dependent, Long-Term Resident | Varies (permit may be needed) |
| Student | College, Language School, Vocational | Up to 28 hrs/week with permit |
| Specified Activities | Working Holiday, EPA, Designated Activities | Depends on designation |
| Specified Skilled Worker | SSW-1 (14 industries), SSW-2 (unlimited renewal) | Yes (designated industry) |
| Permanent Residence | Permanent Resident, Special Permanent Resident | Yes (unrestricted) |
The Residence Card System
Your Residence Card (在留カード) is the most important document you hold in Japan. It contains your name, nationality, residence status, period of stay, and address. You are legally required to carry it at all times. Key points:
- Issued at major airports upon entry, or mailed within 2 weeks for smaller ports
- Address typically need to be registered at city hall within 14 days
- typically need to be updated when you change address, renew status, or change jobs
- Lost cards can be reissued at the ISA regional bureau
ℹ️ Good to Know
Since 2023, electronic COE notifications are accepted at most Japanese embassies, eliminating the need to mail original documents internationally.
⚠️ Legal Notice
This is not legal advice. 자격을 갖춘 이민 전문가에게 상담하시기 바랍니다 (行政書士 / gyoseishoshi) for advice specific to your situation.
최종 업데이트: April 2026. For the latest information, check the ISA official website.
